English Essays Frankenstein

English Essays FrankensteinWhy is Frankenstein considered a Gothic myth and Fathers and Sons and Great Expectations considered realist? Discuss in an essay of 2000 words with reference to Frankenstein and either Fathers and Sons or Great Expectations.Great Expectations and Frankenstein provide us with utilisations of the nineteenth century English novel frequently tagged realist and chivalric respectively. This essay aims to discuss the characteristics that contribute to these labels and how far this sets the two novels a helping.The realist novel is classified as such by its attempt to represent social types of the clock time and symbolize the community of a historical era by portraying particular individuals. Consequently, characters inside the novel serve as examples of their particular social type. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the aims of the realist novel was to bring smell to hi history, to add a human viewpoint to a real historical situation. This means that the re alist history focuses on the everyday concerns, thoughts and feelings of societys people. not concerned solely with immediate feelings, the ambitions and desires of a person are also of colossal interest to the realist writer. As a result we are presented with a printing not save of how the world was, but how different social types imagined it to be.Great Expectations is set in early superordinateian England at a time when neat social changes were taking place. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century had transformed the social landscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes that would otherwise ask been unattain commensurate social class was no longer a condition dependent purely on birth. This is the dynamic environment into which two places his protagonist, Pip. Pips sudden shimmy from country laborer to city gentleman allows Dickens to commentate on the differences between social extremes. Pips decisions are const antly influenced by the strict rules and expectations that goerned Victorian England at this time. The conniption of the novel would require been familiar to its readership and certain aspects bed clearly be linked to historical truth. For example, in 1841 there would have been three constant of gravitation civilian prisoners held aboard nine hulk ships anchored in English waters. It is reasonable to believe, therefore, that Magwitch could have escaped from a ship that found itself anchored off the Essex coast.The moral of the story is clear social standing is a superficial and insufficient guide to character. Pip swiftly becomes driven by the fantasy of becoming a gentleman, and it is these great expectations that form the basic plot of the novel. As a result Dickens is able to satirise the very class system that he is a part of. The consequences of Pips actions allow us an insight into Dickens social ideals Pips life as a gentleman is no more satisfying or moral than his life as a country laborer. Indeed it is finished Joe, Biddy and Magwitch that Pip learns that social and educational improvement are irrelevant to a persons true worth. Consequently, it mustinessiness be noted that the realist novel is to a great extent influenced by the way that the realist novelist sees the world Dickens focuses firmly on those in the community who have earned their status through commerce and as a result, the post-Industrial revolution class system portrayed largely ignores the nobility and aristocracy by birth. In this respect the realist novel can be read as more subjective social criticism and raises the issue of how reliable one author can be when it comes to presenting an intent view of the world. Characters in the novel naturally present us with conflicting views of society and it is left to Dickens to reconcile these ideas and present us with the answer, an answer that is heavily influenced by his own ideals. It can be argued that this technique over-simp lifies social issues, in the words of Joe, one mans a blacksmith, and ones a whitesmith, and ones a goldsmith, and ones a coppersmith. Divisions among such must come, and must be met as they come. there seems to be little in between and each must be met as they are presented by Dickens. other(a) factors may also have come into play when producing this realist novel, particularly, the novels market. The content of Great Expectations would have been heavily influenced by the requirements of All the Year Round, one of the magazines for which Dickens wrote. Having just published a rather unsuccessful serial by another author, Dickens saw Great Expectations as a means of drawing in readers and getting the magazine back on track financially an ironic influence considering the moral of the story which condemns the pursuit of financial and social gain.As mentioned previously, the setting of Great Expectations would have been familiar to its contemporary readers, allowing them to relate to characters. Setting is one factor that sets the realist novel apart from the gothic. The landscape presented in Frankenstein would have been wholly transfer to readers of the time. Gothic novels tend to locate narratives in mysterious locations and this convention is clearly adhered to in Frankenstein, with action taking place in continental Europe and gumshoe regions places it is unlikely Shelleys readers would have ever visited. In the same respect Victors experiments take place in an unknown setting as the majority of readers would have been strange with laboratories and scientific experiments. The use of strange and eerie settings succeeds in creating a mood of suspense and unsettling atmosphere, Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil as I dabbled among the desecrate damps of the graveAnother characteristic of the gothic novel is the use of the supernatural. Moers writes that, in Gothic writings fantasy predominates over reality, the strange over the commonplace, and the supernatural over the natural, with one definite authorial intent to scare. Shelley uses the supernatural elements of raising the dead to frighten her readers. Through the eyes of Victor the teras is repulsive and altogether unnatural, surprise the reader out of reality, I suddenly beheld the figure of a man, at some distance, advancing toward me with superhuman speed. At a time of great scientific advancement this would have been a caseal story that pushed the boundaries, presenting readers with a truly shocking idea removed from reality, but remotely possible. Not only is this topic unknown and mysterious, it is presented in such a macabre manner that solicitude consumes the reader. Victors decision to stop making a female monster is driven by fear that a race of devils would be propagated upon the earth who might make the very existence of the species of man a condition precarious and full of terror and this is the very feeling that has already been sparked in the read er during the creation of the first monster.The gothic tradition thrives on the sensational. In her essay on the Female Gothic, Moers argues that the gothic novel is primarily concerned with producing a physiological reception, a story that chills the spine and curdles the blood. Victor himself experiences this bodily reaction induced by fear sometimes my pulse beat so quickly and hardly that I felt the palpitation of every artery. In this respect, Shelleys novel clearly meets the criteria of the gothic traditions, illustrated by professional Byron who is said to have run from the room screaming on first hearing the story of Frankenstein. Indeed, such sensationalist literature was highly sought afterward in this period and pandered to by such gothic fiction. These sensations are enhanced by the feeling of suspense that runs through Frankenstein, particularly from the moment the monster threatens Victor with the words, I will be with you on your wedding-night, a phrase that echoe s through the novel from the moment it is spoken.Nature in the gothic novel is presented as sublime, a retreat from both physical and emotional strain. This is evident in Victors journey to the mountains to revive his spirits and the monsters joy when spring arrives. Nature is often used in conjunction with darkness to construe a feeling of foreboding or evil. This is the case as Victor creates the monster, an endeavor that forces him to shun daylight and lead a solitary life, the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places. As the novel progresses we would not expect life to be injected into the monster on any other night but a dreary night in November. Nature is used to a similar effect within Great Expectations where the mist that occurs on the nights when Pip visits Magwitch, The mist was heavier yet when I got out upon the marshes, and subsequently returns when he leaves for London, suggests that all w ill not run swimmingly when he reaches the city.Through multiple narratives Shelley forces us to question our sympathies. In a Russian doll narrative style we are told the story of Frankenstein through Walton, who in turn tells the story of the monster, who in turn tells the story of Safie and the cottagers. However, it is not until halfway through the novel that we are subject to the monsters narrative and by this time we have already been influenced by Victors biased account of events. Consequently, we become aware of the tangled nature of truth and the power of our own subjectivity. In the questions that are asked of us, supernatural becomes walking(prenominal) to natural than we may have first imagined. Although we are terrorized in true gothic fashion, we are simultaneously forced to question the source of this terror.Having said this, the complex narrative structure and the portrayal of the supernatural clearly invites more of a gothic reading. In his essay, Reading Frankens tein, Richard Allen points to narration as a signifier for narrative form, stating that Pips first person narrative makes his presentation in terms of what we might read as gothic excess in fact rather plausible, since it can also be understood as the product of a young imagination replete with the monsters and ogres of folk and fairy-tale tradition. The realist narrative directs us towards a more levelheaded and natural explanation, toning down what may be gothic content by presenting it from a realist perspective. This realist understanding of supernatural events can be identified in the reaction of the magistrate to whom Victor explains his story to, He had heard my story with that half kind of belief that is given to a tale of spirits and supernatural events.Both Dickens and Shelley draw from their own experiences in writing their respective novels. Dickens would have been extremely familiar with the city of London and the marshes surrounding Kent, and would also have experien ce the law system, with his own father spending time in prison. Shelley was also frequently exposed to the ideas expressed in her novel, spending time with radical thinkers through her father and husband. Great Expectations may well be more openly realistic, but the subtext of Frankenstein connects to the natural more than a first reading may imply. There is a vast undercurrent of birth and abortion illustrated by a link that is often made between the creation of the monster and Marys loss of a child. Her journals explain that the baby died before it was given a name (just as Frankensteins monster remained nameless) and that she also experienced a vivid dream in which she was able to bring it back to life.It must be noted that neither novel can be classified by one single form. Great Expectations for example can also be read as a bildungsroman, another popular nineteenth century novel form which depicts growth and personal increment by transition from childhood to adulthood. Much o f the gothic novel also draws from the Romantic tradition, Shelleys portrayal of human feeling, compassions and discontent towards all that is commercial and inhuman is close aligned with this movement. Walden observes this cross-over of genres, stating that what is especially interesting about Dickens writings is the degree to which they anticipate the continuing hybridity of genre expectations, a statement that can equally be applied to Shelley.BibliographyFrankenstein, Mary Shelley (Everymans Library, 1992)Great Expectations, Charles Dickens (Marshall Cavendish, 1986)The Endurance of Frankenstein Essays on Mary Shelleys Novel, Edited by George Levine and U. C. Knoepflmacher (University of California Press, 1979)The Realist Novel, Edited by Dennis Walder (Routledge, 1995)http//intolerablehulks.com/intro.html

Historical Development The American Dream History Essay

Historical Development The the Statesn Dream History EssayThe idea of the American conceive ofing was evident long before its coinage. However, the idea of the American dream could be t cannonball alongd chronologically, from the disc overy of America, especially the Northern objet dart or the Promised Land4 to the modern age. tally to Robert E. Spiller, in Lit whilery History of the join States, the idea of the American dream was associated with America. As a state of mind, America has existed long before its discovery.5 Europeans began to come up with all sorts of hopes, dreams, and aspirations for the mod and largely unexplored continent. galore(postnominal) of these dreams foc utilise on owing lands and establishing prosperous business and religious freedom. For them, the American dream was the dream of an worldly Paradise. The Earthly Paradise was strongly countd to be the land of great opportunities. It was a great dream that dominated Europeans imaginationsfrom the time of the first togtlement, America was insurenfrom European eyeball as a land of boundless opportunities, aplace where man, after centuries of poverty, misery, andcorruption could have a second chance to fulfill, in reality,his mythic yearnings for a return to paradise.6The idea of the American dream was as old as the American continent. Europeans were influenced by the Greeks and Classics writings. During the sixteenth century, an English saint and humanist, Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) position America with Platos Utopia. In his book Utopia (1516), More represended the idea of the heavenly paradise to an attainable paradise. In the nineteenth century, the idea of Utopia changed into an actual paradise. Because of the influence of the French and Industrial Revolutions, the earthly paradise was attainable.7With the possibility of such a land, the American dream was an attitude of hope and spiritual faith erected to fulfill human wishes, desires, and dreams in the New World. Thousands of European immigrants had moved to the New World to fulfill the versions of the American dream. The New World was a hope of a new life a path(p) from frustration and the nose out of inferiority. 8The American dream dealt with the idea of bettering one selfs economy by which one hoped the New World would provide abundant opportunities for ones successfulness and success. The dream was of rising from poverty to fame and fortune i.e. from rags-to-riches.9 Furthermore, it was the dream of a perfect government that would provide immigrants full and equal opportunities. They would go to the New World to set up new religious and political communities, hopefully, based on their ideas.10The idea of the American dream had developed. It represented the dream of individual success of that of the American disco biscuit whose brays and posterity that one day would cause great change in the New World.11 According to R. W. B. Lewis, the American Adam wasa radically new per countersig nality, the wedge heel of the newadventure an individual emancipated from write up,happily bereft of ancestry, untouched and undefi cultivateby the usual inheritance of family and race, an individual rest alone, self-reliant and self-propelling, holdto confront whatever awaited him with the aid of his make unique and inherent resource.12This signified the secular dimension of the American dream, which was associated with social success. With the rise of industrialism and the growth of the stinting environment and the rapid advance of science and technology in the nineteenth century, America changed from an agricultural into an industrial and a capitalistic democracy. The idea of the American dream was to achieve economic independence, especially to have a vocation and declare a home in social club to be happy. This economic development led to class distinctions and created special privileges for certain classes. It was the prosecution of money rather than of happiness. With the development of new knowledge of Darwinian Theory, American tidy sum believed in the struggle for creative activity and the survival of the fittest. To become wealthy, one needed to fulfill his or her dreams by all means, even if the fulfillment was by illegal ways. This dilemma corrupted the principles of emancipation and equality of opportunity, and caused great doubt toward the American dream as a whole, and engaged more severely against former(a) human beings. 13A creation often brought into connection with the American dream was the symbol of Melting Pot. The idea of Melting Pot was used in the eighteenth and ninetieth centuries, the metaphor of a Crucible was used to describe the fusion of different nationalities, ethnicities, and cultures.14It was used together with the beliefs of the United States as an ideal republic and a city upon a Hill. It was a metaphor for the idealized process of immigration and colonization by which different nationalities and races were to blend into a new, virtuous community, and it was connected to Utopian vision of the emergence of an American new man.15It was first used in American Literature, as a concept of immigrants resolve into the receiving culture, was found in the writings of J. Hector John de Crevecoeur. In his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Crevecoeur referred to the problem of the American Nationality that appe ard after the Revolutionary Era and the solution of Independence. He wrotea man whose grandfather was an Englishman, whosewife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman,and whose present four sons have now four wives of differentnationsindividuals of all nations are melted into a new race ofmen, new in part, because of that strange mixture of blood,which you will find in no early(a) country.He is an American who, leaving shadow him all his ancient disfavour and manners, receives new ones from the new modeof life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, andthe new rank he hold sThe Americans were once scatteredall over Europe here they are incorporated into one of the finest corpses of population which has ever appeared.16In 1908, a play by Israel Zangwill named Melting Pot, was first performed in Washington, D. C., where the immigrant hotshot declaredUnderstanding that America is Gods Crucible, the greatMelting-Pot, where all the races of Europe are melting andre-forming into a new identity Here you stand, good folk, thinkI, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your fifty grounds,your fifty languages, and histories, and your fifties bloodhatred and rivalries. But you wont be long like that, brothers,for these are the fires of God youve come to-these are fires ofGod. A fig for your feuds, and Vendettas German and Frenchman into the crucible with you all God is making theAmerican.17However, the play was soon criticized as unrealistic because melting and reforming into new American Adam appeared to be heresy that implied that all sides had to give up their culture completely to create a new one. The battle was that many social classes and groups were excluded from the participation in the earthly life.18Nevertheless, since the whites (Anglo-Saxon Protestants) were the predominant group in the British Colonies, other cultures and identities were perceived as inferior or even unwanted. blacks and Native American Indians were enslaved Catholic Irish and Southern European immigrants were discriminated against for centureies.19People from different cultural backgrounds often wrongly interpreted the concept of melting pot as the placidityful animate together with people from other ethnic groups. But in reality, ethnic groups or minorities in America were non equal to the white people. African- Americans and Native American Indians were denied civil rights.20Gradually, the importee of the melting pot had changed. In response to the criticism of the concept of melting pot, Horace Kallen developed the concept of cultural pl uralism in 1915. This concept incorporated that different ethnic groups could keep their cultures and that people would mutually enrich their culture. 21Multiculturalists asserted that cultural differences within nightspot were valuable, and should be preserved. They proposed the alternative metaphor of the mosaic or salad bowl-different cultures mixed, but remained distinct.22The question was what, then, is the American, this new man? He is neither European nor the descendant of a European.23 The conflict was between the dreams of the white European Americans, who came to the New World to fulfill their dreams as new men, and the dreams of the other minorities, especially, the black African, who came by force. Like many other minorities, Africans were compel to abandon their rights of sharing or participating in the American life.According to the assumption that Man was part of the universe, man had the power to improve his own nature by improving his environment with science and education.24 Merle Curti in his The Growth of American Thought affirmed mans natural rights of life, liberty, and prosperity, which were accessible to everyone without discrimination. In order to be a normal American citizen, one should naturally practice these rights. These natural rights could non be alienated from the state, and if the state did vio ripe the natural faithfulness of the universe by alienating these rights, then man could and should fall back to revolution.25 This basic fact encouraged many people in the United States of America, especially Afro-Americans to take action and revolt against the injustice.By the turn of the twentieth century, the American dream was set forth as a nightmare. In the Two World Wars, the dream had begun to pull away its glitter. Americans, whites and blacks became disillusioned by the idea of making the world safe for democracy which had proved to be blasphemy.26 They believed that they were fighting for a better world, for a world of peace and corporation, for a real and immediate Utopia. Americans had suffered psychological and mental pressures, and the image of death made men lose stability and lose faith in the American dream of establishing a perfect world. Instead, they became neurotic, frustrated, and disappointed Gertrude Stein described the new youth as a lost generation, because their make ups became meaningless, pointless, and agonizing ones. 27The reason behind the confrontation of dreams, was the misery and suffering caused by the crisis that happened in the first half of the twentieth century. One of the most eventual and memorable decades in American history was, the Great Depression of the 1930s that changed American life, and prepared the country for a post-war era, characterized by pessimism and despair.28Thus, the American dream of the modern age had been shrouded by doubt and pessimism, as economics faltered and opportunities diminished. The dream became a record of unfulfilled promises a nd dashed hopes.29 Yet, Americans had consistently, flavored their dreams with dashed skepticism. From the very starting signal, this was true, Sir Thomas More was as skeptical as any other man astir(predicate) the promises he entitled in Utopia. When he wrote it, he was playing with an idea.30 This showed that the American dream was first an idea.Then, it was said that the American dream had served as a justification for those who had exploited a virgin country, and it had been the chief argument of those who had tried to equalize all men before the law.31Consequently, people came to anticipate a generous and friendly New World rather than a lavish heaven.32 The American dream was not the product of a solitary thinker, but evolved from the patrol wagon and burdened souls of millions who came to this nation. To make their dreams come true, James Truslow Adams insisted on the principle of working together, no longer merely to build bigger, but to build better. And that referred to all citizens of the United States whether they were black or white.33After World War II, the American dream was portrayed as a military power.34 The United States of America became the most stiff nation. The 1950s was the period of American preeminence as a military and economic power that revived the dream after the Great Depression of the 1930s. America was marked by a self-conscious sense of its place in the world. The twentieth century was the American Century, the post-war era was certainly the time when citizens of the United States began to believe that it was, in fact, their century, and that theirs was the greatest country in the world. With the Americans belief of their responsibility for winning World War II, it provided them with self-confidence about the world. 35 Frederick R. Karl characterized the periodas a time of growth, development, progress, enlightenment,and achievement of goals as a renaissance of sortand essential to what helped turn the country intoa superp ower at a lower place a benign, grinning, ex-hero of apersistence. The ecumenic argument is that man and womanwho experienced the depression returned from World WarII to rebuild the country. This generation harmonisely, is atreasure, for not still did it , revitalize the country domestically,it helped make the United States the beacon of the World,offering financial aid, food, and military muscle whereverrequired.36Americans had always had a faith in the new. Critics saw the American dream as a clever political and economic marketing strategy. They wanted people to get away from selfishness, individualism, and materialism, and to return to community spirit and social responsibility.37 The meaning of the American dream had changed over the course of history. The American dream simply indicated the ability, the practice, and the participation in the society and economy, for everyone to achieve prosperity. According to the American dream, this included the opportunity for ones chil dren to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers. It was the opportunity to make individual choice without the prior restrictions that limited people, according to their class, caste, religion, race, or ethnicity.3812The African-American ExperienceIn the United States of America, the African-Americans experience was unique. It was marked by slavery, segregation, and injustice. It made the quest for the American dream that was of ingenuousdom, equality, and happiness, an essential pursuit.39 It is key to shed light on the African-American struggle in the United States of America. Unlike most of other minorities, the African- Americans were captured in Africa, taken from their homes and lands by force and sent to a strange new land. They were brought chained and enslaved as a result of colonialism.40In the early colonial days, filthy Africans had many opportunities to secure their freedom by escaping or buying themselves out of slavery, and once f ree, they had a good chance to make their success in the New World. The life of Anthony Johnson41 illustrated the possibility of the blacks early dreams, in the early period of European colonization in American North. He was known as Antonio, a Negro. Johnson was enslaved in 1621, when he was sold to the English Jamestown he worked with Bennett family (a white family) who commended him for his hard labor and known services He secured his freedom, got married to a freed-slave named Mary and baptized his children. As a freeman, Johnson dreamed of establishing his own upgrade in Virginia, of 250 acres raising tobacco and corn Eventually, his farm was burned, and he was killed, because the colonial legal system had begun to preserve the rights of the whites and deprive blacks of theirs. This period illustrated the fact the era of chattel Slavery had begun.Many Black Africans came to this land having dreams to fulfill. But, many forces spoiled these dreams. The dream of owning a land a nd successful business for the blacks was limited or trimmed by the time and by the force of the law of the Black Codes 42 that was enacted by Virginia, in 1667. Black people had been enslaved with the change of economic conditions. The blacks were denied the opportunity to own land, because they were Negroes and by consequences aliens.43These Codes made slavery a permanent condition inherited through the mother and defined slaves as property. Such slave Codes robbed the African-American slaves of their freedom and the power of their will. Nevertheless, freedom was always in the mind of the enslaved and how to gain that freedom was the essential question.44In the New World African-American slaves were forced to give up their African past and cultivated themselves to being slaves under the white master domination. They were prevented from bringing over their social relations and institutions. These slaves ate what was given to them, not what they wanted, and change the clothes that were given to them. In addition, these slaves were treated without any regard or consideration to physical welfare and human dignity.45In the American South, African-American slaves were described as property. Masters learned to treat their slaves as property. Frederick Douglass, one of the most eloquent speakers against slavery in America, captured the essence of slavery in 1846Slavery in the United States is the granting of the powerby which one man cultivates and enforces a right of propertyin the body and soul of another. The condition of slave issimply that of a brute beast. He is a piece of the master whoclaims himher to be his property. He is spoken of, thought of,and threaten as property. His own good, his conscience, hisintellect, his affection, are all set aside by the master. Thewill and the wishes of the master are the law of the slave.He is as much a piece of property as a horse. If he is fed,he is fed, because he is property. If he is clothed, it is with aview to the increase of his values as property.46According to this definition of slavery, an African-American slave was the individual whose movement and activities were under the control of the Whites. Thus, he/she could not leave the controller or the employer without an explicit permission otherwise, he/she could be punished.47During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the use of slave labor was cheaper than indentured labor. Slavery was different from one colony to another. On the Eastern Coast and American North, the climate was not domiciliateing extensive kingdom, slavery, there, tended to be farming slavery, with a few slaves living and working side by side with small farmers or craftsmen. Whereas in the South, the fertile land and warm climates made large cultivation possible, plantation slavery developed. Large numbers of slaves lived and worked on far distances from their owners.48 Another reason for slavery spread was the shortage of indentured servants, which led to resor t and to enslave African Americans.49This meant slavery was essentially an economic institution from which the American nation benefited. More slave labor meant a large measure of prosperity. Many American historians believed that the growth of American economy was not because of slavery. But, Eric Williams, a Caribbean Scholar, charged that black slavery was the engine of that propelled American rise to global economic dominance. In his Capitalism and Slavery, Eric Williams maintained that early Europeans conquest and settlement of the New World depended upon the enslavement of millions of black slaves, who helped amass the capital that financed the industrial revolution. Americas economic progress, he insisted, came at the expense of the black slave, whose labor built the foundation of capitalism.50In spite of the African-Americans participation in constructing the foundation of this nation, slavery was identified with dark skin.51 By late seventeenth century slavery and servitude were closely identified with race. White indentured services were limited, voluntary, and had no racial components, whereas, slavery was involuntary, perpetual, and racially defined.52 Hence, indentured servants could be free and had the right to purchase their own freedom or buy completing their period of indenture. At the time of obtaining their freedom, they would pursuit their dreams of property and prosperity. While the African-American slaves did not enjoy these rights and protections.53 Instead, African-American slaves were controlled by the laws of Black Codes.On one hand, race was one of the obstacles that prevented African-Americans from achieving their dreams. On the other hand, the worst condition that African-American slaves had to live under, was the unvarying threat of sale.54 The African- American slaves family stability and security faced severe challenges. Masters, rather than parents, had legal authority over African-American slaves children and the possibility of forcible separation through sale hung over every family. The Southern plantation owners did not care, whether a slave to be sold off had family members, he/she had to leave behind or not. All mattered was that masters encouraged slavery. As masters questioned the humanity of such slaves, they argued that African- American slaves did not mind being sold since they lacked the ability to form changeless family life.55As for African-American women, they were included in the horrible system of slavery. They were persecuted, open(a)ed to the worse kinds of oppression and exploitation. Not only, because being black women had to comport the horror of slavery and living in a racial and sick society. But as women, they witnessed their physical image being defamed and became the object of the white masters lust. As Black African-American, women had to endure the threat and practice of sexual exploitation, and as mothers, they witnessed their children torn from their breasts and sold into slavery.56 One of the ex-slaves, Jennie Hill explained the outlook of the Black African-Americans humanity according to the whites view pointWhite people think that slaves had no feelings, that theybore their children as animals, bear their young and thatthere were no heart-breaks when the children were torn fromtheir parents or the mother taken from her brood to toil fora master in another state. But, that isnt so.57For a white woman, providing home was an essential thing to possess. But, for an African-American woman, it was a dream. Black African-American woman had scantly the opportunity to ascertain her freedom and her own children.58 During slavery, Black African-American women were exploited in two main sectors of economy in the fields (with full employment), and in the household. Black African-American women were stretched physically, emotionally, and spiritually to the utmost in the slave plantation, as they were forced to labor like men in the fields. Also they had subst antial domestic roles. They raised whites children and created a decent and warm home environment for the white American family, while their dream of family unit was uncertain. 59The Black African-American slaves had no right to live proper family unit. They had no rights which the master was obliged to respect. The master found it cheaper to overwork a slave and to replace him or her when died, rather take care of him or her when lived.60 The Black African-American slaves were deprived of living their own lives, denied the right of literacy, education, and could not retract, in inevitably distorted ways, the values, morals, and attitudes of the new civilization of which they gradually became a part.61 White Americans believed that the Black African-American slaves were brutal, barbaric, savage, who would present a real danger to the safety, prosperity, and security of the United States.62 Thus, it was in the system of slavery that the genesis of racism was to be found. According to Eric Williams, slavery was not born of racism, rather, racism was the consequence of slavery.63 White Americans fastened onto differences in physical appearance to develop the myth, that African-American slaves were subhuman and deserved to be enslaved. To enhance the Black African-America slaves inferiority, white Americans deliberately used religion to reinforce slavery as well. To support their institutions, the whites relied heavily on the Biblical story, in which Noahs curse of his son gammon (especially, the fourth son, Canaan), who said in the ninth chapter of Genesis a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.64 This story justified the color of the Black African-American slaves. By the Nineteenth century, many historians agreed to the belief that the Black African-American slaves were the descendants of Ham was a primary justification for slavery among Southern Christians. In other words, the Bible was used to teach the Black African-American slaves a divine, God -given justification for their condition as slaves.65 Hence, white Americans became convinced of white superiority and black inferiority. It was the beginning of hatred and racial discrimination.66White Americans taught the Black African-American slaves how to despise their African heritage, identity, and culture. They strove to include their own value system into the African-Americans outlook. They believed in Africans inferiority that paralleled self-hatred.67 In general, there were five steps in molding the character of strict discipline, a sense of his her inferiority, belief in the whites superiority power, acceptance of the whites standers, and finally, a deep sense of his her own helplessness and dependence.68 These facts emphasized the flourishing of the white American culture and completely ignoring of the Black African-American slaves culture. The Euro-Americans were the first who immigrated to the New World by their own free will in search of individual opportunity their European culture was superior. However, the ignorance diminished the real fact of the importance of the African heritage, not only for the Black African-American slaves, but to mankind.69For centuries, the Black African-American slaves were ignorant about their own culture and identity. They lacked knowledge, they were illiterates. They were described as people , who were no more able-bodied of learning than were animals.70 This indicated that Black African-American slaves were victims and white Americans were victimizers. They were oppressed by the power of the whites. So, they were unable to find a hope to transform their life from slavery into freedom.7113The Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be self-evidence,that all men are created equal, thatthey are endowed by their Creatorwith certain unalienable rights, thatamong these are Life, Liberty, andthe pursuit of Happiness.72With the setting of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776, the most important document in the American history and self-perception, slavery as a moral, human, and economic system challenged the basic principles of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness, and proved to be the first great institution that tested the equality doctrine.73 The Declaration of Independence marked not only the independence of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain, it also laid the foundation of womens rights and of struggles for ending slaveryAfter the American colonies secured their independence fromGreat Britain, the blacks hoped that the same leaders who hadyearned for their own freedom would end slavery.74The Declaration of Independence rested not upon particular grievances, but upon a broad base of individual liberty that could command general support throughout America.75 It served a purpose far beyond that of a public notice of separation. Its ideas inspired mass fervor for the American cause, for it instilled among ordinary folk a sense of their importance, inspiring t hem to struggle for personal freedom, self-government, and a dignified place in society.76The United States of America started to shape itself as the Empire of Liberty and Prosperity, as a new entity, Black African-American slaves continued to play a significant role. Despite the continuation of violence against Black African-American slaves, who challenged the long standing tradition of racial discrimination and oppression in the South, the ex-slave and free-black people stepped forward into a new identity, a new reality, and a new sense of representation in public life. Many Black African-American slaves fought in the war of Independence, and they took to the heart assertion of the right of individual freedom that was so a part of the American Colonial and Revolutionary eras.77 Hence, the Declaration of Independence, as Jim Cullen, a historical critic thought it was not only an important document that shaped the way of Americans lives, but it was born and lived the character of t he American dream.78 This dream was profound, eloquent, and unequivocal expression of the dignity and worth of all human personality.In his A Struggle for Power, Theodore Draper, a historian summarized the revolutionary era as a struggle for power -between the power the British wanted to exercise over the Americans and the power the American wished to exercise over themselves.79 This fact suggested the most important question of Slavery. The Declaration of Independence made Americans want nothing more than freedom and to assume a go and equal station among the power of the earth, Great Britin.80 The problem was, however, that the founding fathers (Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and George Washington, etc.,) of the nation defined freedom in terms of its opposite Slavery. When they used the term Slavery, however, they were not referring to a peculiar institution, whereby many of the founding fathers themselves brought and sold Black African-American slaves as pro perty. They referred to what they felt Great Britain was doing to their lives and livelihood.81The unself-conscious comparison between freedom and slavery made other people in the United States call for their freedom as well. A British essayist, Samuel Jonson in 1775, asked, but How we white people hear the loudest yelping for liberty among drivers of Negroes?82 This paradoxical state made the founding fathers fear that the attainment of their dream could encourage others to pursuit theirs.83 And this was true, because the success of the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence, gave Americans the opportunity to give legal form to their political ideals as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, and to remedy some of their grievance through state constitution.Americans were modify to live under written constitutions that they took them for granted.84 Therefore, the Black African-Americans experience with the American dream in the United States started with the announcement of the Declaration of Independence. Yet, the founding fathers never thought about women, slaves, and Natives as having equal rights like white Americans (Anglo-Saxon American descents), or did not even recognize them as human beings. Thus, the Declaration of Independence was not the subject to change disagreement, because its content never changed.85

The Advantages And Disadvantage Of Bribery Economics Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantage Of Bribery Economics EssayThe enterprises or merchantmen set out divergent views on cloudry under different circumstances whatevertimes the different nations with different background behave completely different ideas. In some places, peoples billet is slightly loose to bribery, while in other places, such as in the United States, people look down on this act in public, but they do not clean themselves. In spite of the publics tolerance for bribery, at that place atomic take 18 not a national people will sustain that powerful people lowlife hurt the publics interests (Joseph A. McKinney, 2008). Corruption and the Global Economy, said that both the developed and developing countries, whether the so-called democratic countries, or dictatorships, decadency well-nigh exists everywhere. In order to obtain some profits, such as the market access, policy benefits and scarce resources, whether multinational or local companies adopt all manner to improve the relationship with the government and the government officials, which affirmed the existence of a large number of illegal acts (Mathias Nell, 2009)? Former Indonesian President Suharto, former mho Korean President Chun Doo Hwan and Roh Tae-woo, former President Abacha of Nigeria, former President Ferdinand Marcos of Philippines, former Mexican President Salinas had stepped down because of rottenness and bribery, in these famous events, there atomic number 18 many multinational presences. In this essay, it will firstly discuss the advantages of bribery by an actual example. Further, it will introduce the disadvantages of bribery with making out an true(prenominal) instance. Finally, it will summarize that the bribery plays a role in the international business.The advantages of briberyA few years ago, the survey that the World Bank on the 3600 foreign trade companies in the earth targeted that there be 40 percent of companies did business through bribery in 69 countri es. It is estimated that the corruption blood account for 10 to 20 percent of the total amount of the global business, some companies bribe money reached 100 million dollars (Carl Pacini, 2002). However, in fact, there are not many cases of transnational bribery which have been exposed, while there are few of punishment.China has become the most potential and the fastest ontogeny emerging market in the world, particularly in the past decade, the import and export trade and the direct investment from the multinational companies were rapidly develop. To quickly dedicate the Chinese market and make huge profits, the multinational companies not only exhibit their fund advantage, technical superiority and management advantages, but also show their bargaining power that convincing the relevant Chinese authorities and enterprises, even including adopting the bribery. All business books relevant to do business in China would expostulate with the occidental the importance of the relation s, which often means paying bribe for the government officials and the leaders of state-owned enterprises. There is no one doubts the existence of bribery, while there is virtually not a multinational beau monde admit encountering such a thing, all public interviewed west managers have denied that they had been extorted or bribed.Procter Gamble which is one of the outstrip developing multinational companies has set up in China over 20 years. Currently, P G with its multi-brand advantages has occupied 60% of Chinese commodity market. every other company can hardly achieve such success, the secret of success is the strong capital, strong research team of P G, but most no one can guarantee that there is no the suspects of bribery.The Chinese dental manipulation group certification message was printed on the shell of Procter Gambles peak brand toothpaste, which has convinced Chinese consumers, so this brand toothpaste was in popular. However, But in 2007, the Ministry of Health publicly said the investigation of Chinese dental treatment group certification and economic problems, P G was quickly drawn into the whirlpool because of its close relations. P G has been reported that it donated 10 million yuan to Chinese dental treatment group, while it also allowed enterprises and institutions associate to public interest in donation or sponsorship between the names of the financial minutes to be concerned. Although P G quickly responded, said the money was donated to the Chinese Foundation of dental prevention and treatment for promoting oral health, which has nothing with the certification of wind toothpaste. However, this approach immediately attracted greater challenge.It is understood that Dental Prevention and word Foundation and Dental Treatment multitude even to be a equalise of twins, the Foundation is established based on Dental Treatment Group, and in turn, the Foundation support the public activities of Dental Treatment Group with its recei ved funds. From this, there is nothing between donations and certification according to P G, which is purely sophistry. Procter Gamble donated 10 million Yuan to Dental Treatment Group or its sidekick agencies, which can not have any relation with the long-term. If the two sides had not volunteered admit the information, and without documents and other evidence to prove a causal relationship between them, then the law can do nothing. On the other hand, if we can prove that P Gs contributions related to the dental certification, then the Dental Treatment Group and Procter Gamble have a commercial bribery and should take legal responsibility. Obviously, no one will take the initiative to admit commercial bribery. Although P G had some implications in this matter, but this did not affect their normal interests, on the contrary, it greatly increased its advertising effect to increase its sale. The Dental Treatment Group certificated Crest toothpastes efficacy, which recognized the prevention and treatment of their products. Procter Gamble obtained profits is far more than 10 million Yuan from the event.The disadvantage of briberySince the reform and opening up, Chinas real estate industry has been rapid develop, so the demand for steel continues to rise, while the raw material press and steel weigh ore is the competed objects by Chinese steel mills. China is the largest iron ore importer in the world, but China has been in a passive position in the price negotiations of iron ore, because Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Brazils CVRD monopolized 70% of the global iron ore. With the growing demand and intending to seek more ways of importing, China has started to increase its iron ore imports from other countries (Christopher Baughn, 2010). Although the amount of the small countrys imports are increasing, the Australian ore and Brazilian ore are still the main sources of Chinese iron ore. Thus, the ceaseless contest has been started between China and the three mines. The case of Rio Tinto spy is a typical example in July 2009.According to the media reports, the com modelers in strike office of Rio Tinto was taken onward by the related departments has dozens of steel enterprises information which have a long agreement contract with Rio Tinto. The information is concerning the enterprises detailed stock plans, raw materials inventory, achievement schedules and other data, including large steel enterprises monthly steel production and sales. There are no more than 10 people know about all the details of Chinese steel production process. Mining companies can master these secrets it may be pay bribe for the specific operators of the relevant enterprises. The insiders said the emotional communication between the mining companies and the steel companies is very close, in addition to the normal business commission a number of mining companies would be necessary paying bribery for the relevant personnel.March 29, 2010, at the Shanghai No. 1 Int ermediate Peoples Court worked out the first instance verdict on the Rio Tinto case, which identified Stern Hu, Yong Wang, Mingqiang Ge and Caikui committed non-national staff of evaluate bribes and violating commercial secrets crimes, were sentenced to their term imprisonment ranging from fourteen years to seven years. Although the end of this bribery case, it left people many reflection. Many people give away the national interests for some petty profits, while Rio Tinto is not a separate company in the case it represents the interests of the three mines. Rio Tinto case not only dishonored the friendship and mutual trust between China and Australia, and mutual trust, but only involved in Chinas commercial secrets.Transparency InternationalThere is not the Global anti-corruption or bribery legislation yet, but the regional legislation is playing an increasing role. Since 1993, a named Transparency International international organization goaded through the international and coun tries cooperation to encourage the Government formulate and implement effective laws and policies to hold out corruption. Transparency International carried out a large number of activities, a very important activity is investigating the businessman, the political analysts and the public around the world to determine the perception of various countries degree of corruption from the respondents. The corruption perceptions index is the international access targets for evaluating the degree of a countrys corruption (Table 1).Table 1 Corruption perceptions Index 2009 (from http//www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table)Countrycost-of-living index 2009CountryCPI 2009New Zealand(1)9.4United stated (19)7.5Denmark (2)9.3China (79)3.6Singapore (3)9.2India (84)3.4Sweden (4)9.2Russia (146)2.2Switzerland (5)9Iraq (176)1.5Australia (8)8.7Afghanistan (179)1.3Japan (17)7.7Somalia (180)1.1From the table, it is concluded that the Nordic countries possess of the hi ghest ethical standards, the Asias Singapore is known as a model for the worlds anti-corruption, the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development also has a strong anti-corruption efforts, while Asia, Africa and some Latin American countries most affected by corruption (Carl Pacini, 2002).The companies of United Stated would be prohibited by the state law if they pay bribe in foreign. Back in 1997, the United States promulgated the contradictory Corrupt Practices Act, took the lead in working out disciplinal provisions about multinational companies paying bribe for the host countries government officials (Margot Cleveland, 2009). Despite the attendant time, few cases of punishment of transnational corporations, the American multinational companies also considered harming the interests of U.S. companies in foreign countries, affecting U.S. companies competitive abroad. U.S. Commerce Secretary said that the American companies disoriented 64 billion dollars b usiness within a year, because of anti-bribery and anti-corruption. The American enterprise which has been still pay bribes has been marked decreased. However, many multinational companies are still exhausting bribery, because the contract is too attractive.At now, the member countries of the Economic Cooperation and Development Organization and the Organization of American States are the most effective anti-corruption countries it can not have bribery activities when people opened offices in those countries or making the global marketing business. Government officials in these countries have higher moral standards. In Asiatic and African countries, bribery is much more common. General estimates, the multinational companies gave the government officials kickbacks account for 15% of the total income when the global companies operated in Asia. Although bribery is illegal, each company had to work to pay bribe.ConclusionIn conclusion, this essay clearly discussed the advantages and d isadvantages of bribery from clear from the positive and negative sides. In fact, we all know the advantages and disadvantages of bribery, if paying bribe is successful, then the person or group will get their hoped interests if paying bribe is fail, the briber and bribe will be punished by the related law. Although, there are the stringent laws in this regard in every country, many people go to pay bribe and corrupt at luck and at all costs in the driven of interests. Multinational bribery is not a national issue, this is a global issue. There should be some organizations such as Transparency International in each region or country, together with the local government to develop and implement effective laws and policies to put down corruption. International and the countries bosom should strengthen cooperation in order to effectively keep within limits corruption. Multinational bribery is not an isolated phenomenon, only when the pulverise large-scale is away from the economy, the legal system is more robust and the social atmosphere is better, it will be got the basic reverse, it also requires the joint efforts of all mankind.

goals :: essays research papers

Aspiring to AchieveI firmly believe that if one plans on achieving his aspirations, mise en scene goals is a very important step. Having goals not only gives you a clear focus on things, it also helps you to organize your plans by allowing you to give yourself time limits and boundaries. That is why I accentuate to set goals for myself routinely, whether it is just for one day, or for the rest of my life. One goal that I work hard at daily is to try to do well in high school. I try to involve myself in any activity that I can, both academically and socially, so that I can graduate with honors. The reason why I do this is because I plan on going to college, and I would like to be able to set off accepted into any school that I apply to. Going to college alone would be a major achievement for my family and I, because I will be the primary person in my family to attend college. Immediately after I graduate, I want to start my career as police investigator/detective.By historic per iod 25, after gaining some experience as a policewoman, I would like to make a career switch to become an FBI agent. This is because being an FBI agent has been a dream of mine since I was a child, and to be good at what I do, I need some familiarity in that line of work, among other things. after becoming settled into my second career, I would like to begin a family. By this time, I plan on already being married to my live boyfriend, and preparing to have another child. I will also be ready to buy my first car, and then, my first home. My intentions are to live in Philadelphia, in a beautiful four bedroom house in the suburbs.Before I turn fifty, one of my major goals is to own a private investigator business, as well as a computer store with my husband. My children will be put through college and out of my house, and my husband and I will be on our way to retirement, after we sell our businesses. By then, I plan on being very well off, if not rich. Either way, I will be able to d onate money and give back to my community what they have given to me.

Auschwitz Essay -- Essays Papers

Auschwitz Auschwitz was one of the to the highest degree infamous and largest concentration camp known during World War II. It was located in the southwesterly part of Poland commanded by Rudolf Hss. Auschwitz was first opened on June 14, 1940, much later than most of the other camps. It was in Auschwitz that the lives of so many were taken by methods of the gas chamber, crematoriums, and even from starvation and disease. These methods took several hundreds and sometimes more than a thousand lives a day. The majority of the lives killed were those of Jews although Gypsies, Yugoslavs, Poles, and many others of different ethnic backgrounds as well. The things most known about Auschwitz are the process people went through when entering the camp and throughout their time in that respect, the conditions at the camp, and the experiments performed by Dr. Josef Mengele. In the concentration camp, Auschwitz, there was an elaborate process that the people went through when they arrived. Fre ight cars filled with people arrived daily in the camp. From that point the people were ordered to unload any of their dimension that they brought with them. At that point they are immediately told to line up to go through the first selection. Those were old or unfit to work, such as children, were mechanically sent to the gas chambers. The others were then tattooed with a specific identification numbers, had their hair cut off, and were given captive uniforms to work in. These who passed the first selection then were forced to perform excruciating labor jobs. Each morning and afternoon a roll call was held and yet another selection was made. The SS, German soldiers and doctors, would make the prisoners strip from their clothes in order to make a full examination of t... ... march out of Auschwitz to different camps. The SS feared that liberation was coming. They told the prisoners that if any vicious behind or stopped that they would be killed. Only a small number remained at Auschwitz. On January 27, 1945, the Soviet Army finally liberated Auschwitz. in that location were over one million lives that perished at this camp, only sixty-five thousand people survived. Many of these lives died by the gas chambers, crematoriums, effects of experimenting, torture, starvation, and many more reasons. Auschwitz allow for always be seen as a place that shall be remembered throughout history. Lives were taken but the memories shall prevail. Works Cited1. Adler, Jerry. The Last Days of Auschwitz. Newsweek (1995) 46-59. 2. Fischel, Jack R. The Holocaust. London Greenwood Press, 1998. 3. Swiebocka, Teresa. Auschwitz. inch University Press, 1993.

Charles Dickens The Signalman :: charles Dickens signalman Essays

Charles Dickens The SignalmanIntroductionI have studied pre-1900 short stories by different authors, which allfollow a similar format and historical capacity of their time. In myessay I will discuss and describe what necessary ingredients are carryed to make these murder mystery short stories effective andsuccessful. con stories became an extremely favoured form of fiction andentertainment during the nineteenth century... In the days beforeelectrical advantages for entertainment, (e.g-radio, television,films and videos) adventure was generally only discovered/only existed at heart the imagination of mystery and supernatural stories, and wereespecially popular in the Victorian age, where people would escapeinto the mystifying worlds the words described in the stories.(Perhaps these authors fulfilled the need for excitement in thisrelatively oppressed society...). It was during this era that manywriters began to capture readers curiosity ab knocked out(p) death, vengeance,trickery, imp risonment, hanging, ghosts and fear...A front impression may affect/ delimit the way the words willcommunicate with its reader throughout a story. So I feel it importantthat the begining of a mystery story mustiness be (engaging, compelling,intriguing, appealing, capture the imagination/ attentions of theaudience) immediately for it to be successful.Mystery= arcane, baffling, curious, enigmatic, incomprehesible,inexplicable, insoluable, magical, miraculous, mystifying, obscure,perplexing, puzzling, secret, strange, uncanny, unexplained,unfathomable, unknown, wierd, bizarre, puzzle, problem, riddle,abnormal, supernatural.Murderous= barbaric, bloodthirsty, brutal, cruel, dangerous, deadly,ferocious, fierce, homocidal, pitiless, ruthless, savage, vicious,violent, assassin.The overall effect of the above ingredients, if successfully combined,will ensure the reader is first drawn in, by capturing theirimagination, and they are then compelled to keep reading until theend.BeginingsIn th e begining of our first story The Adventure of the EngineersThumb by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892) (who is the creator of thefamous characters private eye Holmes and Dr. Watsons detectiveadventures) He tells this strange, dramatic story, which he believes,had been told more than once in the newspapers - to stress howsignificant this mysterious account was. The following quotation isthe divide introducing the story-One morning, at a little before seven oclock, I was awakened by themaid tapping at the door, to announce that cardinal men had come fromPaddington, and were waiting in the consulting room. I dressedhurriedly, for I knew by experience that railway cases were seldomtrivial, and hastened downstairs. As I descended, my old ally, theguard, came out of the room, and closed the door tightly behind him.Ive got him here, he whispered, jerking his thumbs over hisshoulder, Hes all right. What is it then? I asked, for his mannersuggested that it was or so strange creature which he had caged up in

Television Censorship in the Past and Present Essays -- Exploratory Es

Television censorship in the Past and PresentTyping in the web address http//www.censorship.com, I begin my search for information regarding the controversial receptive. After a few seconds of waiting for the site to load, a black stage setting comes up, with black font displaying the message This site is not accessible because it is categorized as Sex, Violence, Language. I immediately highlight the web address and annoyingly lap at the delete button on my keyboard and watch it disappear. Jeez, everything is censored nowadays Frustrated, I decide to take a break. I get up from my computer, cut out my tired body onto the couch, and turn on the T.V. Once the picture becomes clear, I am greeted by a completely bare behind The man yells, You gnomish bitch to his friend who has taken his pants, and a roar of laughter comes from the simulated audience on the show. The scenario shocked me, for I had just been restricted from a website because of subject matter closely related to what I was just seeing on the televisionI sat for a few seconds and thought about the bearing behavior like that was prohibited from the public eye just soon before. But why was it now being allowed to broadcast over millions of T.V. sets across the realm? I realized that censorship itself, and specifically television censorship, has changed immensely through the years. Censorship, or the prevention of disturbing or painful thoughts or feelings from reaching consciousness except in a disguised form has been present since the Roman times (Censorship, History...). The original intentions of the widespread act were to supervise the manners and morals of the people. Government officials were to exclude certain topics, groups, or religio... ...ensorship. 02 Oct 2003 17 featherbed 2004 <http//www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/rgcolumns/2003/1002.asp History of Censorship. 20 Mar 2004 <http//www.angelfire.com/vt2/UnitedStudents/history.html Buchanan, Matt. Ratings, Censorship, and Ne gative Criteria. 20 Mar 2004 <http//www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/3765/appropriate2.html Televised Censorship. 21 Mar 2004 <http//www.dragg.net/users/vocalofkentucky/multiculture.htm Television Censorship. Academic Library. 20 Mar 2004 <http//wwwacademiclibrary.com/view/Music%20and%0Movies/2682.htm The Long History of Censorship. Beacon for Freedom of Expression. 20 Mar 2004 <http//www.beaconforfreedom.org/about_project/history.html The Shadow of Incipient Censorship The Creation of the Television Code of 1952. 17 Mar 2004 <http//historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6558/